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SERIES CONNECTION
A wiring configuration used to increase voltage. Series wiring is positive to negative (+ to -) or negative to positive (- to +). Opposite of parallel connection.
SINGLE-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
A material having a crystalline structure such that a repeatable or periodic molecular pattern exists in all three dimensions.
SOLAR CELL
The basic photovoltaic device which generates electricity when exposed to sunlight.
SOLAR PANEL
A collection of solar modules connected in series, in parallel, or in series- parallel combination to provide greater voltage, current, or power than can be furnished by a single solar module. Solar panels can be provided to furnish any desired voltage, current, or power. They are made up as a complete assembly. Larger collections of solar panels are usually called solar arrays.
STAND-ALONE SYSTEM (SA)
A system which operates independently of the utility lines. It may draw supplementary power from the utility but is not capable of providing power to the utility.
STORAGE BATTERY
A device capable of transforming energy from electric to chemical form and vice versa. The reactions are almost completely reversible. During discharge, chemical energy is converted to electric energy and is consumed in an external circuit or apparatus.
SULFATION
The formation of lead-sulfate crystals on the plates of a lead-acid battery. Commonly used to indicate the large crystals which form in partially discharged cells as the result of temperature cycling. These large crystals are more difficult to reduce by the charging current than are the smaller crystals that result from normal and self-discharge reactions. Sulfating can be caused by leaving the battery in a discharged state for long periods of time.
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